| Among
the many active squadrons and groups that comprised RAF Bomber
Command were a number of special units that |
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played
unique but valuable roles in the nightly operations to bomb
Germany. Not to be overlooked are the airmen of 100 Group, a group
that was formed strictly to deploy countermeasures intended to
confuse and mislead the well organized German night defenses.
Not unlike the other groups in Bomber
Command, 100 Group was a model of diversity. Although 6 Group was
a Canadian group comprised primarily of airmen from the Royal
Canadian Air Force, thousands of Canadian airmen continued to
serve with Royal Air Force squadrons. It should be pointed out
that the same was true of other nationalities such as Australians,
New Zealanders, South Africans and Free French to name but a few.
The focus of this tribute is a crew from
199 (RAF) Squadron whose primary task was to fly "spoof"
raids where they would deploy countermeasures and disrupt the
German defenses in order to lessen the opposition faced by the
main bombing force. |
| After
completing his initial Bomb Aimer and Air Observer training in
Canada, Flying Officer Don Tolmie was sent to advanced training at
#1 Bombing and Gunnery School in Jarvis, Ontario. The training
involved specialized tactics and procedures for bombing moving
targets, this type of training was usually put to use with the
many squadrons of Coastal Command.
Once posted overseas in mid 1944,
F/O Tolmie was inexplicably told that he would be joining an RAF
bomber squadron and not a Coastal Command unit. By this time many
of the Canadian squadrons had improved their facilities to the
point that they were the preferred destination of new airmen. Food
and accommodations were felt to be better with RCAF units whereas
just a few short years earlier the exact opposite was true. It is
also a fact that by this point in the war the RCAF was
commissioning all its aircrew and decorations were awarded more
frequently in RCAF units. Aware of all the benefits, F/O Tolmie
tried his best to convince the officer in charge of his posting
that he wanted to serve with his countrymen, but his efforts were
to no avail.
Soon he found himself at an
Operational Training Unit and was assembled into a large building
where the aircrews were forming into crews. The process for
forming crews was informal and left up to the airmen. Since most
aircrew were complete strangers to one another, usually the pilot
would take the initiative and ask various trades to join his crew.
It was not long before F/O Tolmie was asked by an American pilot
serving in the RCAF if he would like to join his crew, not feeling
that he could say no or that he would fare better with any other
pilot that he was unfamiliar with, he accepted. Together they then
went about filling in the rest of their crew with a navigator, two
gunners and a wireless operator. After completing their initial
training as a crew they were sent to 1657 HCU unit at Stradishall
to convert to the four engine Stirling and added a Flight Engineer
to the crew. |
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199
Squadron Stirling EX-D "D-Dog" (photo courtesy
D.Tolmie) |
| By
mid 1944 the Shorts Stirling had been removed from nightly bombing
operations over Germany, it was replaced by either the Halifax or
Lancaster which could carry greater bomb loads and fly at a higher
operational ceiling than the Stirling. But Bomber Command’s
first four engine bomber was still of some use and continued to be
used for towing gliders and special operations. While other
squadrons were standing down their Stirlings, 199 Squadron was
disposing of its Wellingtons and converting to Stirlings in
anticipation of becoming a countermeasures squadron.
Stationed at North Creake, F/O
Tolmie and his crew flew diversionary raids along with other
aircraft in their squadron and others in 100 Group. These raids
typically involved flying to a "spoof" target in the
hopes that that German radar controllers would believe that what
appeared on their network was the main bombing force. The crew
would drop bundles of "window" in an attempt to make the
radar signature appear like a sizeable force of aircraft. Window
was the name for aluminum foil strips (the modern day equivalent
is chaff), usually about 3-4 inches wide and 20-24 inches long. On
one occasion the crew dropped a special version of window that was
made of larger sheets of foil each suspended by a parachute.
At times the operations the crew
conducted also strayed into SOE territory as on more than one
occasion the crew was tasked to drop agents into occupied
territory, their aircraft had been fitted with a special porthole
for disembarking the aircraft for such purposes.
By this point in the war the German
Luftwaffe had been decimated, what remained of its forces were
mostly dedicated to fighting the U.S 8th Air Force
bombers and the main force of Bomber Command. By extension,
199 squadron were able to operate in their obsolescent Stirlings
with minimal opposition from enemy fighters. During his tour of
operations the crew was never engaged by an enemy aircraft though
on one occasion the rear gunner reported an enemy fighter from the
rear as they were preparing to land. After overshooting the runway
and going around once again to land, the gunner determined that
what he saw was actually the shadow from his own aircraft.
However, the same hazaards faced by
all aircrews were still faced by F/O Tolmie and his crew, on one
particular take off in Stirling EX-D, D-Dog, the aircraft swung
violently to the right and drifted off the runway, the aircraft
barely cleared the control tower on becoming airborne. Although
the Stirling had gained a bad reputation when compared to the
Halifax or Lancaster, F/O Tolmie never felt any insecurities about
flying in it. He attributes this to his youthful faith that those
at Bomber Command Headquarters would never endanger the lives of
their aircrew by giving them obsolete aircraft.

The
Air and Ground Crew of Halifax Mk.BIII EX-A (Al's Angels) at North
Creake, 1945
(photo
courtesy D.Tolmie) |
| After
a dozen or so sorties in the Stirling, the squadron became
operational with the Handley Page Halifax and sent their venerable
Stirlings to the scrap yard in April of 1945. In addition to a new
aircraft, an 8th crew member was also added, a
specialist wireless and countermeasures expert that could also
speak German.
Joining the Spalding crew was a
specialist from the Royal Australian Air Force, in addition to
operating a myriad of electronic equipment he would also locate
frequencies used by German ground controllers and issue
contradictory instructions to night fighter pilots attempting to
intercept the main force. This was just another trick used in a
cat and mouse game of countermeasures that had been raging between
Bomber Command and the German defenses for nearly five years.
The crew continued to operate until
the cessation of hostilities in Europe. After the surrender of
Nazi Germany they were tasked to fly ground personnel to view the
damage inflicted by Bomber Command. A fitting gesture to so many
unsung heroes that worked tirelessly for endless hours to keep the
squadron operational. Flying Halifax EX-A, named "Al’s
Angels" after pilot F/Lt Al Spalding, the crew and their
passengers flew to Cologne and surveyed the widespread devastation
of the city. |
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The Blackened
Cologne Cathedral and its Decimated City
(photo
courtesy D.Tolmie) |
| Many
years after the war pilot Al Spalding recalled the most harrowing
experience the crew faced during their tour of operations. On one
sortie they came perilously close to colliding with a Lancaster
that suddenly appeared in front of them. The aircraft was being
bounced around from the Lancaster’s slipstream and with only
seconds to act, Spalding threw his aircraft into a dive so steep
that the mid upper gunner momentarily blacked out. They narrowly
missed the Lanc, though Spalding was certain that his aircraft had
to have been damaged even though it was performing correctly.
After landing he inspected his aircraft expecting to at least see
some scraped paint but miraculously there was no damage.
When asked about the good fortune of
his crew Mr. Tolmie quite modestly attributes it to pure luck and
good timing. While often overlooked by other elements of
Bomber Command, the squadrons such as 199 squadron that made up
100 Group fought a different type of war in the night skies but
saved an untold number of allied lives with their efforts. In a
treacherous business with a razor thin margin between life and
death, inflicting a moment of confusion on the German defenses
could mean the difference between an allied bomber being
intercepted.
The contributions made by the
squadrons of 100 Group cannot be understated.

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| Authour's
Footnotes:
The information on this page
was compiled from a personal interview with Don Tolmie, his
candour and hospitality is very greatly appreciated.
After V-E day Don Tolmie met
legendary Australian cricket player Keith Miller and his crew. He
attended V-E day celebrations with them before returning to
Canada. In his post-RCAF career Mr. Tolmie served as member of
Canadian Parliament for a number of years and worked with future
Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau while he was Justice
Minister.
He is currently enjoying
retirement in Southern Ontario. |
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