Al's Angels - A Countermeasures Crew  
Among the many active squadrons and groups that comprised RAF Bomber Command were a number of special units that
played unique but valuable roles in the nightly operations to bomb Germany. Not to be overlooked are the airmen of 100 Group, a group that was formed strictly to deploy countermeasures intended to confuse and mislead the well organized German night defenses.

Not unlike the other groups in Bomber Command, 100 Group was a model of diversity. Although 6 Group was a Canadian group comprised primarily of airmen from the Royal Canadian Air Force, thousands of Canadian airmen continued to serve with Royal Air Force squadrons. It should be pointed out that the same was true of other nationalities such as Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans and Free French to name but a few.

The focus of this tribute is a crew from 199 (RAF) Squadron whose primary task was to fly "spoof" raids where they would deploy countermeasures and disrupt the German defenses in order to lessen the opposition faced by the main bombing force.

 After completing his initial Bomb Aimer and Air Observer training in Canada, Flying Officer Don Tolmie was sent to advanced training at #1 Bombing and Gunnery School in Jarvis, Ontario. The training involved specialized tactics and procedures for bombing moving targets, this type of training was usually put to use with the many squadrons of Coastal Command.

 Once posted overseas in mid 1944, F/O Tolmie was inexplicably told that he would be joining an RAF bomber squadron and not a Coastal Command unit. By this time many of the Canadian squadrons had improved their facilities to the point that they were the preferred destination of new airmen. Food and accommodations were felt to be better with RCAF units whereas just a few short years earlier the exact opposite was true. It is also a fact that by this point in the war the RCAF was commissioning all its aircrew and decorations were awarded more frequently in RCAF units. Aware of all the benefits, F/O Tolmie tried his best to convince the officer in charge of his posting that he wanted to serve with his countrymen, but his efforts were to no avail.

 Soon he found himself at an Operational Training Unit and was assembled into a large building where the aircrews were forming into crews. The process for forming crews was informal and left up to the airmen. Since most aircrew were complete strangers to one another, usually the pilot would take the initiative and ask various trades to join his crew. It was not long before F/O Tolmie was asked by an American pilot serving in the RCAF if he would like to join his crew, not feeling that he could say no or that he would fare better with any other pilot that he was unfamiliar with, he accepted. Together they then went about filling in the rest of their crew with a navigator, two gunners and a wireless operator. After completing their initial training as a crew they were sent to 1657 HCU unit at Stradishall to convert to the four engine Stirling and added a Flight Engineer to the crew.

199 Squadron Stirling EX-D  "D-Dog" (photo courtesy D.Tolmie)

 By mid 1944 the Shorts Stirling had been removed from nightly bombing operations over Germany, it was replaced by either the Halifax or Lancaster which could carry greater bomb loads and fly at a higher operational ceiling than the Stirling. But Bomber Command’s first four engine bomber was still of some use and continued to be used for towing gliders and special operations. While other squadrons were standing down their Stirlings, 199 Squadron was disposing of its Wellingtons and converting to Stirlings in anticipation of becoming a countermeasures squadron.

 Stationed at North Creake, F/O Tolmie and his crew flew diversionary raids along with other aircraft in their squadron and others in 100 Group. These raids typically involved flying to a "spoof" target in the hopes that that German radar controllers would believe that what appeared on their network was the main bombing force. The crew would drop bundles of "window" in an attempt to make the radar signature appear like a sizeable force of aircraft. Window was the name for aluminum foil strips (the modern day equivalent is chaff), usually about 3-4 inches wide and 20-24 inches long. On one occasion the crew dropped a special version of window that was made of larger sheets of foil each suspended by a parachute.

 At times the operations the crew conducted also strayed into SOE territory as on more than one occasion the crew was tasked to drop agents into occupied territory, their aircraft had been fitted with a special porthole for disembarking the aircraft for such purposes.

 By this point in the war the German Luftwaffe had been decimated, what remained of its forces were mostly dedicated to fighting the U.S 8th Air Force bombers and the main force of Bomber Command. By extension, 199 squadron were able to operate in their obsolescent Stirlings with minimal opposition from enemy fighters. During his tour of operations the crew was never engaged by an enemy aircraft though on one occasion the rear gunner reported an enemy fighter from the rear as they were preparing to land. After overshooting the runway and going around once again to land, the gunner determined that what he saw was actually the shadow from his own aircraft.

 However, the same hazaards faced by all aircrews were still faced by F/O Tolmie and his crew, on one particular take off in Stirling EX-D, D-Dog, the aircraft swung violently to the right and drifted off the runway, the aircraft barely cleared the control tower on becoming airborne. Although the Stirling had gained a bad reputation when compared to the Halifax or Lancaster, F/O Tolmie never felt any insecurities about flying in it. He attributes this to his youthful faith that those at Bomber Command Headquarters would never endanger the lives of their aircrew by giving them obsolete aircraft.

The Air and Ground Crew of Halifax Mk.BIII EX-A (Al's Angels) at North Creake, 1945

(photo courtesy D.Tolmie)

 After a dozen or so sorties in the Stirling, the squadron became operational with the Handley Page Halifax and sent their venerable Stirlings to the scrap yard in April of 1945. In addition to a new aircraft, an 8th crew member was also added, a specialist wireless and countermeasures expert that could also speak German.

 Joining the Spalding crew was a specialist from the Royal Australian Air Force, in addition to operating a myriad of electronic equipment he would also locate frequencies used by German ground controllers and issue contradictory instructions to night fighter pilots attempting to intercept the main force. This was just another trick used in a cat and mouse game of countermeasures that had been raging between Bomber Command and the German defenses for nearly five years.

 The crew continued to operate until the cessation of hostilities in Europe. After the surrender of Nazi Germany they were tasked to fly ground personnel to view the damage inflicted by Bomber Command. A fitting gesture to so many unsung heroes that worked tirelessly for endless hours to keep the squadron operational. Flying Halifax EX-A, named "Al’s Angels" after pilot F/Lt Al Spalding, the crew and their passengers flew to Cologne and surveyed the widespread devastation of the city.

The Blackened Cologne Cathedral and its Decimated City (photo courtesy D.Tolmie)

 Many years after the war pilot Al Spalding recalled the most harrowing experience the crew faced during their tour of operations. On one sortie they came perilously close to colliding with a Lancaster that suddenly appeared in front of them. The aircraft was being bounced around from the Lancaster’s slipstream and with only seconds to act, Spalding threw his aircraft into a dive so steep that the mid upper gunner momentarily blacked out. They narrowly missed the Lanc, though Spalding was certain that his aircraft had to have been damaged even though it was performing correctly. After landing he inspected his aircraft expecting to at least see some scraped paint but miraculously there was no damage.

 When asked about the good fortune of his crew Mr. Tolmie quite modestly attributes it to pure luck and good timing.  While often overlooked by other elements of Bomber Command, the squadrons such as 199 squadron that made up 100 Group fought a different type of war in the night skies but saved an untold number of allied lives with their efforts. In a treacherous business with a razor thin margin between life and death, inflicting a moment of confusion on the German defenses could mean the difference between an allied bomber being intercepted.

 The contributions made by the squadrons of 100 Group cannot be understated.

Authour's Footnotes:

The information on this page was compiled from a personal interview with Don Tolmie, his candour and hospitality is very greatly appreciated.

After V-E day Don Tolmie met legendary Australian cricket player Keith Miller and his crew. He attended V-E day celebrations with them before returning to Canada. In his post-RCAF career Mr. Tolmie served as member of Canadian Parliament for a number of years and worked with future Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau while he was Justice Minister.

He is currently enjoying retirement in Southern Ontario.